Fix:

• The Upsell/Downsell offer payments were getting failed for the official WooCommerce Stripe Payment Gateway.
• Product images were not getting displayed in your product section.
• Non-logged-in users were not able to continue to the next step of the multistep checkout.
• Upsell/Downsell offers were getting failed for WooCommerce Payments plugin.
• Main order status was getting stuck to pending payment for the Square payment gateway.